The Ford 4.6L (281 CID) Engine

In This Article:

In The Beginning

Romeo, Windsor, Teksid, WAP, Triton & Intech – What’s In A Name?

Determining Engine Type By VIN:

What’s The Difference In Blocks?

SOHC Cylinder Heads:

NPI & PI Head Comparisons:

SOHC Camshafts

Using PI Heads On A NPI Engine:

DOHC Engines:

DOHC Heads

2-Valve SOHC, 3-Valve SOHC & 4-Valve DOHC – Which Vehicles Have What?

4.6L Engine Projects:

Engines to look for:

Engine Dimensions:

Known Problems:

Aftermarket Parts

In The Beginning:

The modular motor was originally introduced back in 1991 in the Lincoln Town Car applications, though it wasn’t until 1996 that it replaced the venerable 5.0L (Windsor) in the Mustang, and in 1997 in the F-series

The 4.6 L (281 CID) V8 has been offered in 2-valve SOHC, 3-valve SOHC, and 4-valve DOHC versions. It has also been produced with both iron and aluminum blocks.

The 4.6L SOHC 2-valve engine was the fleet engine of choice for taxicabs and police cars as well as hundreds of thousands of Crown Vics, trucks, vans, and Mustangs, they’re usually easy to find and cheap to buy.

Romeo, Windsor, Teksid, WAP, Triton & Intech – What’s In A Name?

In a nut shell, not all 4.6L engines are built the same. Start reading the multitude of forums on the internet and you’ll see people referring to the 4.6L engines using names like Windsor, Romeo and Teksid. So what do the names mean?

Romeo – Romeo is an engine plant. The first 4.6L engines built were produced in Romeo Michigan beginning in 1991 which was Fords old tractor plant just outside of Detroit. Most Romeo blocks are marked with an “R” in the block.

Windsor – Windsor refers to the Windsor engine plant in Windsor, Ontario Canada. Ford added this second engine plant in 1997 to produce 4.6L and 5.4L engines. As noted above, 1997 was the first year the 4.6L showed up in the F-150. Windsor blocks are all marked with a “W” in the block in two places.

Teksid – Teksid just refers to aluminum blocks made from 1993-1999 by Teksid in Italy. The engine itself was assembled in Romeo, Michigan. The Teksid blocks are said to be capable of handling 1,200 horsepower.

Fiat owns Teksid S.p.A., the largest iron foundry group in the world with a production capacity of approximately 600,000 tons annually. The company was established in December 1978; it designs and produces cylinder blocks, cylinder heads, exhaust manifolds, drive shafts, camshafts and components for automobiles and commercial vehicles. Teksid, which is specialized in casting and processing iron, has plants in France, Portugal, Poland, Brazil, Mexico and China. Since 2007, Teksid S.p.A. runs also Teksid Aluminum S.r.l. a company specialized in casting and producing auto components from aluminium alloys.

Windsor Aluminum Plant (WAP) – Not all aluminum blocks were built by Teksid. The Windsor Aluminum Plant began production of aluminum blocks in 1999.

Triton – Triton simply refers to truck engines

Intech – Simply refers to the engines in Lincolns.

Determining Engine Type By VIN:

It is possible to determine if you have a Romeo or Windsor engine by looking at the 8th character in the vehicles VIN number.

• VIN Y for the Mustang Cobra refers to the 2003 DOHC supercharged model.
• VIN 3 for the Ford trucks refers to the supercharged SOHC Lightning engine.
• VIN 6 refers to 4.6L SOHC Windsor produced engines.
• VIN W refers to 4.6L SOHC Romeo produced engines.
• VIN X refers to 4.6L SOHC Windsor produced Mustang engines.

Here is a partial list of vehicles and the engines that came in them:

The Mustang can be found with the Romeo or Windsor engine. The 1996-1998 and 2001-2004 Mustang GTs used Romeo engines. The 1999 and most 2000 Mustang GTs had Windsor engines.

The 1996-1999 Mustang Cobras used the aluminum Teksid blocks.

What’s The Difference In Blocks?

There are a variety of differences between the Romeo and Windsor engine blocks.

Although Romeo and Windsor Modular engines look the same on the surface, they’re different inside. Here are the basic differences in Romeo and Windsor engines:

• Romeo was the only Modular engine plant from 1991-1995.
• Windsor came on line for 1996 to build 4.6L and 5.4L SOHC engines for trucks and vans.
• Although Romeo is primarily a car engine plant, it has produced Modular engines for trucks.
• Although Windsor is primarily a truck engine plant, it produced Modular engines for the 1999-2000 Mustang GT.
• Although they look similar, Romeo engines employ different blocks, heads, and cranks than Windsor.
• Most Romeo blocks are marked with an “R” in the casting.
• Windsor blocks are all marked with a “W” in the casting in two places.
• Romeo heads employ bolt-on cam journal girdles.
• Windsor heads don’t have cam journal girdles, just individual journals.
• Because Romeo and Windsor engines have different timing cover/cam cover bolt hole sizing, it is best to use Romeo heads and blocks together and Windsor heads and blocks together.
• Romeo blocks have jackscrew cross-bolted main caps.
• Windsor blocks have dowel pin cross-bolted main caps.
• Romeo engines have primarily six-bolt flywheel/flexplate flanges.
• Windsor engines have eight-bolt flywheel/flexplate flanges.
• Oil filter/cooling neck types vary depending on vehicle type. Timing cover depends on vehicle type.
• Romeo cam sprockets are zero-fit and slip right on.
• Windsor cam sprockets are pressed on.
• Romeo cam covers have 11 bolts.
• Windsor cam covers have 13 bolts.
• Different timing covers for SOHC and DOHC.
• Same basic timing chain/sprocket system for both SOHC and DOHC.
• DOHC engines have secondary timing chains for secondary camshafts.
• SOHC has a standard oil pump and DOHC has high volume

If you’re building a 4.6 SOHC engine, you need to know there are two basic Windsor block castings, and four basic Romeo block castings. It’s a good idea to keep Windsor heads with Windsor blocks, and Romeo heads with Romeo blocks to eliminate any confusion in your engine build. If you’re going to interchange parts and castings between the two plants, you better know exactly what you’re doing or expect all kinds of disappointment, wasted time, and expense.

Note the ‘R’ in the casting indicating that this is a Romeo block

If you look closely at the aluminum block above it has a diamond pattern in the casting on the top of the block. This identifies this as a Windsor Aluminum Plant (WAP) block. If the block had squares it would identify it as a Teksid block.

In the casting numbers below; V = Lincoln & 5 = Romeo truck block in 1997 F-150

SOHC Cylinder Heads:

The 4.6L SOHC engine basically came with (2) different cylinder head options:

Heads produced prior to 1999 are referred to as the Non Performance Improved (NPI) heads and heads from 1999 are referred to as the Performance Improved (PI) head. These new PI heads offered improved flow and cam profiles. The new PI heads boosted Mustang horsepower from 215 with NPI heads to 260 with the PI heads.

Ok, since we know the heads are one of the biggest factors in the 4.6L SOHC motors, lets look a little closer at them.

NPI Heads:

PI Heads:

The PI heads weren’t installed on everything in 1999, and the parts books aren’t clear about exactly where they were used, so there’s a lot of confusion about which applications came with or without them. The only thing anyone knows for sure is that all the Mustangs had “PI” heads in 1999 and some of the trucks and Expeditions had them. In 2001, the F150 and Crown Victoria 4.6 Ls received the PI package.

NPI & PI Head Comparisons:

The Windsor NPI 2-valve cylinder head (left) shows the open combustion chamber with the wall beside the intake valve to induce mixture motion in the chamber. The PI heads (right) came with a smaller heart shape design

The PI head (right) has square intake ports that are larger than the ones found on the NP” head on the left.

SOHC Camshafts

The 1991-1998 SOHC NPI heads have camshafts with .482 lift and 204/208 duration.

The 1999 and newer SOHC PI heads have camshafts with .535 lift and 192/184 duration.

Using PI Heads On A NPI Engine:

When using PI heads on a NPI engine you’re going to end up with a higher 10.5:1 compression ratio.

Windsor and Romeo PI heads for SOHC 2-valve engines flow identically, but have different valve cover and timing chain cover bolt patterns, and different cam gear attachment styles (pressed vs bolted). Windsor PI engines came in 1999-2000 Mustang GTs, and Romeo PI engines came in 2001-2004 Mustang GTs.

The easiest way to add PI heads to a NPI engine is to use Romeo PI heads on a Romeo block and Windsor PI heads on a Windsor block. You’ll need to use the valve covers that were on the new heads if mixing heads & blocks. The Windsor and Romeo heads use different valve covers. Windsor Heads/Valve Covers has 13 (driver side) and 14 (passenger side) bolts, and Romeo has 11 bolts.

You’ll have to use a PI intake in your new PI heads. The NPI intake will not work.

Also make sure you get the coolant tube that runs through the valley. The PI is larger and sits deeper in the valley. The NPI tube will interfere with placement of the intake. The NPI thermostat neck is not compatible with a PI intake, so get the PI thermostat neck. The NPI alternator and PI alternators use different mounts at the top. You can modify the stock bracket and drill it to fit the NPI alternator, or buy a PI alternator and use a PI bracket. Next is the coolant crossover tube. NPI cars have (2) temp sending units in the crossover tube on the intake. One is for the temperature gauge, the other is for the computer. You may need to drill and tap the PI intake to accept the second temp sensor. Second, the PI heads use 10 mm accessory bolts. The stock NPI bolts are 8mm. The easiest solution is to search a junk yard for a PI motor and salvage the bolts.

DOHC Engines:

In 1993, Ford introduced the 4.6 DOHC engine in the Lincoln Mark VIII. What made the 32-valve Modular V-8 different was its all-aluminum construction. This engine witnessed exclusive use in Lincolns until 1996 when it was then introduced in the SVT Mustang Cobra. This new engine utilized the Teksid aluminum block and is said to be the strongest 4.6L block available.

DOHC Heads:

There a different castings available for the DOHC heads. These heads can be divided into (2) basic designs:

Pre-1999 Twin Port heads (Also known as ‘B’ heads)

1999 and up Tumble Port heads (Also known as ‘C’ heads)

Note that the 1999 and newer DOHC heads are not called ‘PI’ (Performance Improved) heads.

Both heads are good heads. The Tumble Port heads are known for making more high end horsepower. The Twin Port heads create better torque.

The Tumble Port heads came on the front wheel drive Lincoln Continental (The Continental block cannot be used in a rear-wheel-drive vehicle, but the heads can be swapped) and the Mustang Cobra. They were never in the Lincoln Mark series because the Mark series was cancelled in 1998.

A step up from these would be the 2003-2005 DOHC heads that were stock on 2003-2004 Cobras and Mach 1’s as well as 2003-2005 Marauders and Aviators. They are suppose to flow better than the pre-2003 castings.

The best heads to date were never offered on a production vehicle. They are available on the FR500 crate engine. They are available through Ford Racing Performance Parts under part numbers M-6049-T46 and M-6050-T46. They are bare heads, but Ford also offers camshaft kit (cams, valves, springs, retainers and rockers) under part number M-6550-T46.

2-Valve SOHC, 3-Valve SOHC & 4-Valve DOHC – Which Vehicles Have What?

2-Valve SOHC Engines:

• 1991–1993 Lincoln Town Car, 190 hp and 270 lb·ft
• 1992–1997 Ford Crown Victoria/Mercury Grand Marquis, 210 hp and 270 lb·ft with dual exhaust option
• 1998–2000 Ford Crown Victoria/Mercury Grand Marquis, 215 hp and 285 lb·ft with dual exhaust option
• 2001–2002 Ford Crown Victoria/Mercury Grand Marquis, 235 hp and 275 lb·ft with dual exhaust option
• 2003–2004 Ford Crown Victoria/Mercury Grand Marquis, 239 hp and 282 lb·ft with dual exhaust option
• 2004–present Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor, 250 hp and 297 lb·ft
• 1994–1997 Lincoln Town Car, 210 hp
• 1994–1995 Ford Thunderbird, 205 hp and 265 lb·ft
• 1996–1997 Ford Thunderbird, 210 hp and 290 lb·ft
• 1994–1995 Mercury Cougar, 205 hp and 265 lb·ft
• 1996–1997 Mercury Cougar, 205 hp and 280 lb·ft
• 1997–2010 Ford F-Series, 248 hp and 294 lb·ft ratings for 2007 and later model year F-Series
• 1997–present Ford E-Series, 225 hp and 286 lb·ft ratings for 2001 and later model year E-Series
• 1998–2000 Lincoln Town Car, 205 hp
• 2001–2002 Lincoln Town Car, 235 hp
• 2003–2004 Lincoln Town Car, 239 hp
• 2002–2005 Ford Explorer, 239 hp and 282 lb·ft
• 1996–1997 Ford Mustang, 215 hp and 285 lb·ft
• 1998 Ford Mustang, 225 hp and 290 lb·ft
• 1999–2004 Ford Mustang, 260 hp and 302 lb·ft
• 2003–2005 Rover 75, 260 hp and 302 lb·ft
• 2003–2005 MG ZT, 260 hp and 302 lb·ft

3-Valve SOHC Engines:

The 3-valve SOHC 4.6 L with variable camshaft timing (VCT) first appeared in the redesigned 2005 Ford Mustang.

The engines are equipped with an electronic Charge Motion Control Valve (CMCV) system that provides increased charge motion at low engine speeds for improved emissions and low-rpm torque. Cylinder block material varies between aluminum used in the 2005+ Mustang GT and cast iron used in the 2006+ Ford Explorer and the 2007+ Ford Explorer Sport Trac, though the same aluminum heads are used in all applications.

Vehicles equipped with the 24-valve SOHC VCT 4.6 L include the following:

• 2005–2009 Ford Mustang, 300 hp and 320 lb·ft
• 2006–present Ford Explorer, 292 hp and 300 lb·ft
• 2007–present Ford Explorer Sport Trac, 292 hp and 300 lb·ft
• 2009 Ford F-Series, 292 hp and 320 lb·ft
• 2010 Ford Mustang, 315 hp and 325 lb·ft

4-Valve DOHC Engines:

All 4.6 L 4-valve engines featured aluminum engine blocks with 6-bolt main bearing caps, with the only exception being the 2003–2004 SVT Cobra which had a 4-bolt main cast iron block. The 1999 and earlier engines featured an aluminum block cast in Italy by Fiat subsidiary Teksid S.p.A. Since 1996, all of the 4.6 L 4-valve engines manufactured for use in the SVT Cobra have been hand-built by SVT technicians at Ford’s Romeo, Michigan plant.

Vehicles equipped with the 32-valve DOHC 4.6 L include the following:

• 1993–1998 Lincoln Mark VIII, 280 hp and 285 lb·ft
• 1995–1997 Lincoln Continental, 260 hp and 265 lb·ft
• 1996–1998 Ford Mustang SVT Cobra, 305 hp and 300 lb·ft
• 1995–1998 Lincoln Mark VIII LSC, 290 hp and 295 lb·ft
• 1998–2002 Lincoln Continental, 275 hp and 275 lb·ft
• 1999/2001 Ford Mustang SVT Cobra, 320 hp and 317 lb·ft
• 2003 Ford Mustang Mach 1, 305 hp and 320 lb·ft
• 2004 Ford Mustang Mach 1, 310 hp and 335 lb·ft
• 2003–2004 Mercury Marauder, 302 hp and 318 lb·ft
• 2003–2005 Lincoln Aviator, 302 hp and 318 lb·ft
• 2003–2004 Ford Mustang SVT Cobra, Iron block, Supercharged, 390 hp and 390 lb·ft

4.6L Engine Projects:

Hot Rod Magazine – Hot Rod Magazine did a project where they purchased a 4.6L SOHC engine from a 1997 Ford Crown Victoria with 117,000 miles on it for $400.00. They purchased the motor without a computer and their goal was to see what kind of power they could build from a junkyard motor.

They replaced the NPI heads with PI heads, used an Edelbrock Victor Jr intake, Holley 650 cfm carb, BBK Headers, a MSD 6 Mod Ignition Controller and created 313 horsepower.

They ported the PI heads and power jumped to 346 horsepower.

They then added a pair of Comp Cams XE274H camshafts, springs and retainers and produced 370 horsepower.

This just goes to show you that you don’t have to mess with computers and fuel injection to create a 4.6L engine swap that produces respectable power. Remember, this 370 horsepower is on an engine with 117,000 miles.

Sport Truck Magazine – Sport Truck Magazine took a 4.6L SOHC engine from a 1997 Ford Mustang and modified it to create more power.

They swapped out the NPI heads for ported PI heads, added a PI intake manifold (required since they added PI heads), and added XE270AH Comp Cams camshafts. These changes resulted in 405 horsepower.

Again, another example of respectable power being built on a used 4.6L engine with minor upgrades.

Engines to look for:

1999 and newer 4.6L SOHC engines with PI heads.

Pre-1999 4.6L SOHC engines upgraded with PI heads.

Lincoln Mark VIII – You’ll see a lot of people talk about the 1993-1995 Lincoln Mark VIII 4.6L DOHC engine. It uses the old EEC-IV system and doesn’t have PATS. It also uses the Teksid aluminum block.

There has been discussion that the Mark VIII intake has the intake hose coming off the back of the engine and a body lift would be needed to clear it. Others claim the throttle body fits into the indentation in the Ranger’s firewall.

If you wanted to install a 4.6L from a vehicle that used a PATS, you would have to incorporate the PATS from the donor vehicle.

Note About EEC-IV: The Ford Ranger used the EEC-IV (Electronic Engine Control) prior to 1996. In 1996 the Ford Ranger switched to the EEC-V.

What is a PATS?

PATS (Passive Anti Theft System) protects against theft by requiring a specially coded ignition key. The vehicle starts and operates only with the key that matches the sensor in the vehicle, thwarting attempts to hot-wire the ignition. An indicator lamp shows the system is working.

How it works: A miniature transponder with integrated circuit and antenna is embedded in the ignition key. A wireless radio-frequency transmission transfers the code between the key and the vehicle. If the codes match, the module sends a signal through the wiring system to the engine electronic control, allowing the engine to start. There are 72 million-billion possible codes, so every Ford sold worldwide for the next 10 billion years could have a unique code. New keys for replacements or spares can be encoded by dealerships.

Type B (1999-2000 Ranger): Under the type B system, the key sends a signal to the PATS transceiver, the transceiver then sends a signal to the PATS transponder (PATS module), and this then sends a signal to the PCM that tells it that its ok to run. For a type “B” system, if the PCM does not receive the “ok to run” signal from the PATS module, then it will still allow the motor to crank, but it will not send pulses to the injectors cutting all fuel.

Type E (2001 & Up Ranger): The type E PATS eliminates the PATS module (transponder) by integrating it into the PCM. Under a type E system, the coded keys send a signal to the PATS transceiver, the transceiver takes the signal and sends it to the PCM where it checks to make sure that the key code is correct and then allows the motor to run. If the PCM fails to detect the properly coded key it will do two things. First, it will not allow the injectors to provide fuel to the motor. Second, if it doesn’t receive the proper signal it will not ground the starter solenoid and allow the starter to start the motor.

If the 4’6L donor vehicle computer, PATS module and keys are also transplanted to the Ranger, they should work immediately. If the original Ranger PATS module and keys are reused with the 4.6L donor vehicle PCM, a dealer would have to “introduce” the new parts to each other before the engine could start..

Rangers With PATS	Rangers Without Pats
1999-2000 6-cylinder Ranger – Type B 2001-2004 4 & 6-cylinder Ranger – Type E	1998-2000 4-cylinder Ranger 1998 & Older Ranger

Engine Dimensions:

Ever wonder about the size differences between Ford small block 302/351 and the 4.6L modular engines?

302 (5.0L)
27-1/2 Inches L
20-3/4 Inches H
18-3/4 Inches W

351W (5.8L)
27-1/2 Inches L
23-3/4 Inches H
21 Inches W

4.6L SOHC
28 Inches L
26 Inches H
28-5/8 Inches W

4.6L DOHC
28 Inches L
29-7/8 Inches H
30 Inches W

Known Problems:

Coolant Flow (cylinder head) – 2003-2004 DOHC heads have a flawed casting and coolant flow design on the first revision of the head that causes coolant to dead end in the back of the driver side head and causes the 7 & 8 cylinders to run hotter than the others. This results in a ticking sound that occurs when the valve guides and/or seats warp due to running too hot and the ticking itself is the sound of the valves not seating correctly and tapping because of it. The problem is more prominent on the Cobra and Mach 1 due to their high performance nature and tendency to be driven hard.

This problem was also found on the 1999-2001 4.6L DOHC Mustang Cobras.

Coolant Leak (intake manifold) – Some vehicles may exhibit an Intake Manifold crossover (first runner) coolant seepage condition. This may be caused by a crack in the intake manifold coolant crossover.

Effects the:

• 1996-1997 Ford Thunderbird
• 1996-2001 Lincoln Town Car & Grand Marquis
• 1996-2001 Ford Crown Victoria & Mustang
• 2002 Ford Explorer

There is a replacement intake available that uses an aluminum coolant crossover instead of plastic.

The photo above shows a stock 4.6L intake (top) and the improved replacement with the aluminum coolant crossover (bottom).

Spark Plugs – Some 4.6L’s have been reported to have the spark plugs blow out of the hole taking the threads with them. The spark plugs have the ability to fly through the hood and a few engine fires have been reported from fuel vapor coming out of the cylinder and being ignited by the loose plug.

The problem is fixed by inserting a HeliCoil where the original spark plug hole was.

This problem is said to affect the 1997-2004 model years that had aluminum cylinder heads.

Valve Seals – The 1991-1995 4.6L is prone to leaking valve seals. The reason the valve seals start leaking is that the valve guides on the older style heads are too short, and over time they wear out. Once the guides are worn, the valve actually starts to wobble a bit while it is being lifted, and this can very quickly wipe out even new valve seals. The 1996+ NPI heads have longer valve guides, so they don’t wear out as quickly, but it will happen eventually.

Dieseling Noise – Many times a dieseling noise is found to be from a loose timing gear retaining bolt. Easy fix just remove the cam cover and retighten the bolt. Make sure the bolt is loose by checking for tightness by hand.

Timing Chain Tensioner – Ford Motor Company has told its dealers that 2000 through 2003 model year Ford Crown Victoria and Mercury Grand Marquis vehicles may exhibit a grinding noise from the engine timing chain area. This noise, according to Ford, may be caused by excessive wear of the timing chain tensioner arms. The tensioner arm has an aluminum base with a nylon surface. The condition can also be detected by fine nylon and or aluminum particles present in the engine oil.

Bad timing chain tensioners have been reported on other 4.6L vehicles as well.

Oil Filter Suggestion – It is recommended that you use Motorcraft oil filters. They have a drain back valve that keeps oil from draining back to the pan when the engine is off. Most aftermarket filters do not. This prevents knocking on start up and eventual damage from it.

Oil Suggestion – Use only 5w20 weight oil if that’s what it call’s for. The tolerances are very tight in the valvetrain and any heavier of an oil can eventually cause valvetrain problems because the hydraulic components stay pumped up and never bleed down like they should when the engine is running.

Aftermarket Parts:

(Parts available through Summit Racing & Jegs)

MSD-6 Ford Modular Ignition Controller for 4.6L:

New technology to go old school! When you retro-fit a Ford 4.6L or 5.4L (SOHC/DOHC) with a carbureted intake manifold, you’ll need this new Controller to handle the ignition chores.The Controller plugs into the coil packs and sensors of the engine for a direct installation. From a PC, using our Pro-Data+ software, you can program a custom timing curve, a step retard, two step rev limiter and even a vacuum advance. A great system for street rods and retro muscle cars.

Edelbrock Victor Jr. 4.6L Ford Carbureted Intake Manifold (P/N 2838):

Edelbrock’s Victor Jr. 4.6L intake is only offered for PI cylinder heads, but both a carb and EFI version are available. The single-plane, short-runner design is best suited for the 2,500-7,500 range, and Edelbrock claims it’ll support 600 hp. Plus, it makes the 4.6 look like a lot more engine than it is.

Edelbrock Victor Jr. 4.6L Ford Carbureted Intake Manifold Kit (P/N 2839):

Edelbrock offers a complete manifold kit that includes the Edlebrock Victor Jr intake manifold and the MSD-6 Ford Modular Ignition Controller.